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std::chrono is used in C to process time, including obtaining the current time, measuring execution time, operation time point and duration, and formatting analysis time. 1. Use std::chrono::system_clock::now() to obtain the current time, which can be converted into a readable string, but the system clock may not be monotonous; 2. Use std::chrono::steady_clock to measure the execution time to ensure monotony, and convert it into milliseconds, seconds and other units through duration_cast; 3. Time point (time_point) and duration (duration) can be interoperable, but attention should be paid to unit compatibility and clock epoch (epoch)

There are mainly the following methods to obtain stack traces in C: 1. Use backtrace and backtrace_symbols functions on Linux platform. By including obtaining the call stack and printing symbol information, the -rdynamic parameter needs to be added when compiling; 2. Use CaptureStackBackTrace function on Windows platform, and you need to link DbgHelp.lib and rely on PDB file to parse the function name; 3. Use third-party libraries such as GoogleBreakpad or Boost.Stacktrace to cross-platform and simplify stack capture operations; 4. In exception handling, combine the above methods to automatically output stack information in catch blocks

In C, the POD (PlainOldData) type refers to a type with a simple structure and compatible with C language data processing. It needs to meet two conditions: it has ordinary copy semantics, which can be copied by memcpy; it has a standard layout and the memory structure is predictable. Specific requirements include: all non-static members are public, no user-defined constructors or destructors, no virtual functions or base classes, and all non-static members themselves are PODs. For example structPoint{intx;inty;} is POD. Its uses include binary I/O, C interoperability, performance optimization, etc. You can check whether the type is POD through std::is_pod, but it is recommended to use std::is_trivia after C 11.

To call Python code in C, you must first initialize the interpreter, and then you can achieve interaction by executing strings, files, or calling specific functions. 1. Initialize the interpreter with Py_Initialize() and close it with Py_Finalize(); 2. Execute string code or PyRun_SimpleFile with PyRun_SimpleFile; 3. Import modules through PyImport_ImportModule, get the function through PyObject_GetAttrString, construct parameters of Py_BuildValue, call the function and process return

In C, there are three main ways to pass functions as parameters: using function pointers, std::function and Lambda expressions, and template generics. 1. Function pointers are the most basic method, suitable for simple scenarios or C interface compatible, but poor readability; 2. Std::function combined with Lambda expressions is a recommended method in modern C, supporting a variety of callable objects and being type-safe; 3. Template generic methods are the most flexible, suitable for library code or general logic, but may increase the compilation time and code volume. Lambdas that capture the context must be passed through std::function or template and cannot be converted directly into function pointers.

AnullpointerinC isaspecialvalueindicatingthatapointerdoesnotpointtoanyvalidmemorylocation,anditisusedtosafelymanageandcheckpointersbeforedereferencing.1.BeforeC 11,0orNULLwasused,butnownullptrispreferredforclarityandtypesafety.2.Usingnullpointershe

std::move does not actually move anything, it just converts the object to an rvalue reference, telling the compiler that the object can be used for a move operation. For example, when string assignment, if the class supports moving semantics, the target object can take over the source object resource without copying. Should be used in scenarios where resources need to be transferred and performance-sensitive, such as returning local objects, inserting containers, or exchanging ownership. However, it should not be abused, because it will degenerate into a copy without a moving structure, and the original object status is not specified after the movement. Appropriate use when passing or returning an object can avoid unnecessary copies, but if the function returns a local variable, RVO optimization may already occur, adding std::move may affect the optimization. Prone to errors include misuse on objects that still need to be used, unnecessary movements, and non-movable types

The key to an abstract class is that it contains at least one pure virtual function. When a pure virtual function is declared in the class (such as virtualvoiddoSomething()=0;), the class becomes an abstract class and cannot directly instantiate the object, but polymorphism can be realized through pointers or references; if the derived class does not implement all pure virtual functions, it will also remain an abstract class. Abstract classes are often used to define interfaces or shared behaviors, such as designing Shape classes in drawing applications and implementing the draw() method by derived classes such as Circle and Rectangle. Scenarios using abstract classes include: designing base classes that should not be instantiated directly, forcing multiple related classes to follow a unified interface, providing default behavior, and requiring subclasses to supplement details. In addition, C